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Help us to visualize or understand the workings
of something |
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May be mathematical or physical |
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May have limited applicability |
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May cause problems if they are confused with
reality. |
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Starts in the mind |
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Experiments not needed for validation |
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If observation doesn’t fit theory, then the
observation is wrong. |
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The Greeks thought that all matter was made up
of 4 elements: earth, water, air, and fire. Each element had a proper place
based on its heaviness. Motion
occurred because an element traveled in a straight line toward its natural
place. |
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Earth is at the center |
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Motion of stars and planets are circles. |
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Complex set of epicycles are required to explain
the observed paths of planets. |
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Sun is the center |
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Motions are circular |
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Fewer epicycles, but some are still needed. |
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More accurate observations made more epicycles
necessary to clean up small problems. |
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Built a telescope. |
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Found the moon had mountains. |
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Discovered 4 moons around Jupiter. |
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Argued that the earth and other planets circled
the sun. |
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Newton thought that matter and the forces
between matter particles were created by God. What was created by God could not be divided by man. |
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Inertia, F=ma, Action = Reaction |
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Universal Gravitation |
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Optics, Heat, Alchemy |
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Calculus! |
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Completely deterministic laws. |
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Space and time are universal. |
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Laws of physics work for all inertial observers. |
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Speed of light in a vacuum is universal for all
observers. |
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Time is relative |
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Space is relative |
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Mass is relative |
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Simultaneity is subjective. |
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Only the laws of physics do not depend upon the
observer. |
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